1. Asexual reproduction in animals might involve
a. fission and budding.
b. fragmentation and mitosis.
c. regeneration.
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C

2. Which of the following are possible advantages of asexual reproduction?
a. It allows the species to endure periods of fluctuating or unstable environmental conditions.
b. It enhances genetic variability in the species.
c. It enables the species to colonize new regions rapidly.
d. Both A and B are true.
e. A, B, and C are true.

3. Why do genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones?
a. The haploid mutations of asexually reproducing organisms are passed to all of their offspring.
b. Asexually reproducing organisms devote more time and energy to the process of reproduction.
c. Sexually reproducing organisms can produce more offspring in a given time.
d. More genetic variation is present in organisms that reproduce asexually.
e. Asexually reproducing organisms have more dominant genes than organisms that reproduce sexually.

4. What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
a. It promotes genetic stability.
b. It enhances the survival rates of parents.
c. The limited number of offspring prevents overpopulation.
d. It promotes geographic distribution of species.
e. It allows animals to replace lost appendages.

5. You observe an organism with the following characteristics: parthenogenetic reproduction, internal development of embryos, presence of an amnion, lack of parental care of young. Of the following, the organism is probably a(n)
a. earthworm.
b. lizard.
c. bird.
d. frog.
e. mammal.

6. Which of the following is not required for internal fertilization?
copulatory organ
sperm receptacle
behavioral interaction
internal development of the embryo
All of the above are necessary for internal fertilization.

7. What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development?
a. 4, 3, 2, 1
b. 4, 3, 1, 2
c. 3, 2, 4, 1
d. 3, 4, 2, 1
e. 3, 4, 1, 2

8. What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans?
he deuterostome condition
some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering
a pseudocoelom
agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion
the diploblastic condition

9. A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. This is most likely a problem of
a. morphogenesis.
b. cell differentiation.
c. histogenesis.
d. preformation.
e. fertilization.

10. As an embryo develops, new cells are formed and different types of cells develop by the process of
a. differentiation and morphogenesis
b. preformation and cell differentiation.
c. cell division and differentiation
d. preformation and morphogenesis.
e. preformation and epigenesis.

11. A biology student hiking in a Pacific coast forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears a binecone-like structure at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a cloud of brownish dust. A magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content. This student has probably found a(n)
a. immature pine tree.
b. moss sporophyte.
c. fern sporophyte.
d. horsetail gametophyte.
e. club moss sporophyte.

12. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore; what is the sequence of structures that develop after germination?1-embryo; 2-gametes; c-sporophyte; 4-protonema; 5-gamteophore
a. 4,1,3,5,2
b. 4,3,5,2,1
c. 4,5,2,1,3
d. 3,4,5,2,1
e. 3,1,4,5,2

13. Which number represents the mature gametophyte?

a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
e. 11

Use this figure for questions 14 and 15:

14. What letter is the developing coelom?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

15. What letter gives rise to the muscles?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.