Study Guide
for Exam 1 Chapters 1-4
Chapter 1
- Explain
the importance of the terms interdisciplinary and
applied as they help to define the field of
human development. (p. 5)
- Explain
the role of theories in understanding human development, and describe
three basic issues on which major theories take a stand. (pp. 57)
- Explain
the four assumptions that make up the human development point of view.
(pp. 712)
- Trace
historical influences on modern theories of human development, from
medieval times through the early twentieth century. (pp. 1315)
- Describe
theoretical perspectives that influenced human development research in the
mid twentieth century, and cite the contributions and limitations of each.
(pp. 1520)
- Describe
recent theoretical perspectives on human development, noting the
contributions of major theorists. (pp. 2025)
- Identify
the stand that each contemporary theory takes on the three basic issues
presented earlier in this chapter. (p. 26)
- Describe
the research methods commonly used to study human development, citing the strengths
and limitations of each. (pp. 2731)
- Contrast
correlational and experimental research designs, and cite the strengths
and limitations of each. (pp. 3134)
- Describe three
research designs for studying development, and cite the strengths and limitations
of each. (pp. 3437)
- Discuss
ethical issues related to lifespan research. (pp. 3739)
Chapter 2
- Describe
the relationship between phenotype and genotype. (p. 44)
- Explain
the function of chromosomes. (p. 44)
- Describe
the structure of the DNA molecule, and explain the process of mitosis.
(pp. 4445)
- Explain
the process of meiosis. (p. 45)
- Explain
how the sex of the new individual is determined. (p. 46)
- Identify
two types of twins, and explain how each is created. (p. 46)
- Describe
basic patterns of genetic inheritance, and indicate how harmful genes are
created. (pp. 4649)
- Explain
genetic imprinting and how it helps researchers understand certain genetic
patterns. (p. 49)
- Describe
Down syndrome and common abnormalities of the sex chromosomes. (pp. 5051)
- Discuss
reproductive choices available to prospective parents and the
controversies surrounding them. (pp. 5156)
- Explain
genetic counseling and who should seek it. (p. 52)
- Describe
prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine. (pp. 5256)
- Describe
family functioning from the perspective of ecological systems theory,
including direct and indirect influences and the family as a dynamic,
changing system. (pp. 5859)
- Discuss
the impact of socioeconomic status and poverty on family functioning. (pp.
5961)
- Summarize
the roles of neighborhoods, towns, and cities in the lives of children and
adults. (pp. 6162)
- Explain
how cultural values and practices, public policies, and political and
economic conditions affect human development. (pp. 6266)
- Describe
concepts that indicate how heredity and environment work together to
influence complex human characteristics. (pp. 6871)
Chapter 3
- List the
phases of prenatal development, and describe major milestones of each.
(pp. 7681)
- Define
the term teratogen, and
summarize the four factors that affect the impact of teratogens on
prenatal development. (pp. 8182)
- List
agents known or suspected of being teratogens, and discuss evidence
supporting the harmful impact of each. (pp. 8288)
- Discuss
maternal factors other than exposure to teratogens that can affect the
developing embryo or fetus. (pp. 8889)
- Describe
the three stages of labor. (p. 91)
- Discuss
the babys adaptation to labor and delivery, and describe the appearance
of the newborn baby. (pp. 9193)
- Explain
the purpose and main features of the Apgar
Scale. (p. 93)
- Discuss
the concept of natural childbirth, noting the typical features of a
natural childbirth program, the benefits of the natural childbirth
experience, and the role of social support in the natural childbirth
process. (pp. 9394)
- Discuss
the benefits and concerns associated with home delivery. (pp. 9495)
- Describe
circumstances that justify the use of fetal monitoring, labor and delivery
medication, and cesarean delivery, and explain any risks associated with
each. (pp. 9596)
- Describe
the risks associated with preterm, and small-for-date
births, and review the developmental outlook for infants born under such
circumstances. (pp. 9697)
- Describe
several interventions for preterm infants, including infant stimulation
and parent training. (pp. 9799)
- Summarize
findings from the Kauai study relating to
the long-term consequences of birth complications. (pp. 99100)
- Name and
describe major newborn reflexes, noting the functions served by each, and
discuss the importance of assessing newborn reflexes. (pp. 100101)
- Describe
the five infant states of arousal, with particular attention to sleep and
crying. (pp. 102105)
- Describe
the newborn babys responsiveness to taste, smell, touch, sound, and
visual stimulation. (pp. 105107)
- Describe Brazeltons Neonatal Behavioral
Assessment Scale (NBAS), and explain its usefulness. (p. 107)
- Describe
typical changes in the family unit after the birth of a new baby. (p. 108)
Chapter 4
- Describe
changes in body size, body proportions, and musclefat makeup during the
first 2 years of life. (pp. 114116)
- Describe
the development and functions of neurons and Glial cells. (pp. 116117)
- Describe
the development of the cerebral cortex, and explain the concepts of brain lateralization
and brain plasticity. (pp. 117119)
- Describe
research findings related to the existence of sensitive periods in brain
development, and note the evidence of brain growth spurts and the need for
appropriate stimulation. (pp. 119120)
- Discuss
changes in the organization of sleep and wakefulness between birth and 2
years of age.(p. 120123)
- Discuss
the impact of heredity on early physical growth. (p. 123)
- Discuss
the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers, the advantages of
breastfeeding, and the extent to which chubby babies are at risk for later
overweight and obesity. (pp. 123125)
- Discuss
the impact of severe malnutrition on the development of infants and
toddlers, and cite two dietary diseases associated with this condition.
(pp. 125126)
- Describe
the growth disorder known as nonorganic failure to thrive, noting common
symptoms and family circumstances surrounding the disorder. (p. 126)
- Explain
how infants learn through classical conditioning, operant conditioning,
habituation, and imitation. (pp. 126129)
- Describe
the sequence of motor development during the first 2 years of life. (pp.
129130)
- Describe
the development of reaching and grasping, and explain how early
experiences affect these skills. (pp. 132133)4
- Summarize
the development of vision in infancy, including depth perception, pattern perception,
and face perception. (pp. 133138)