College of San Mateo Computer Online Writing

Unity, Support and Coherence in Your Paragraphs

Unity

If some of the sentences in a paragraph in your essay wander off the topic, readers may experience confusion because the main point of the paragraph is difficult to identify. On the other hand, if all the sentences contribute to a single, central point in each body paragraph, it is also more likely that readers will find your ideas logical and persuasive.

 

Unity is when all the sentences in a paragraph stick to the main point, as stated in the topic sentence.

Exercise 1
Model Paragraph #1

.....1In college many students quickly grow quite bored and frustrated. 2They register, expecting only whirlwind parties and stimulating, engaging classes. 3After discovering that college demands work and persistence, even in courses which may not be intrinsically interesting, these students immediately experience intense boredom and leave school. 4Others drop out of college because they must put in many more hours of study than they anticipated. 5They are surprised that grades are earned only by completing the required reading and writing assignments efficiently and effectively&emdash;not by simply showing up to class. 6Unlike high school, teachers expect students to prepare for long essay exams, compose term papers, conduct experiments and write lucid lab reports, or participate in group projects. 7The enormous work load is so unpleasant and unexpected that students do not persevere and withdraw from school. 8Frequently, students also drop out due to personal or emotional problems. 9Students may experience confusion about their identity, alienation from their peers or even clinical depression. 10These students may encounter difficulties with roommates, family, or lovers. 11Coupled with these emotional problems, the academic demands of college may create so much stress that students must leave school. 12Clearly, students drop out of college for varied, compelling reasons.

1. In Model Paragraph #1, find the topic sentence, the sentence which states the main point of the paragraph.

Type the number of the topic sentence

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2. Do all the sentences in Model Paragraph #1 stick to the main point of the paragraph, as stated in the topic sentence? 

Type yes or no

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3. Does Model Paragraph #1have unity?

Type yes or no

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Model Paragraph #2

.....1It is clear that students leave college for different reasons. 2Perhaps some are ambivalent about being in school, thinking about traveling, partying or earning money; as a result, they may not be diligent in completing homework, studying for tests or writing papers. 3When final exams arrive, or when a course demands a particularly rigorous term project, these students are unable to persevere and end up not studying or completing the course. 4Soon, they leave school because their grades are so low that they are in imminent danger of flunking out. 5Sometimes these students later return to college with a much more serious, mature approach to education. 6Still other students leave college due to financial pressure. 7The worry of finding enough money for tuition, books, and room and board becomes so unbearable that the students drop out. 8However, assistance for these students is available through financial aid and work study programs. 9Finally, some students leave college because of emotional problems. 10Away from home for the first time, these young people are coping with a great deal of new responsibility and independence. 11They must juggle the demands of studying, socializing, and defining their own identities. 12They may feel isolation or pressure from their families, or they may experience conflict with boyfriends or girlfriends. 13In any case, emotional burdens make focusing on school and study almost impossible, and they, too, drop out. 14Again, help is available from college psychologists, peer counselors or support groups. 15If professors connected closely to their students, more students could regain focus, eliminate stress and survive troubled times.

4. In Model Paragraph #2, find the topic sentence, the sentence which states the main point of the paragraph.

Type the number of the topic sentence

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5. In Model Paragraph #2, there are four sentences which do not stick to the main point.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the sentences which do not stick to the main point.

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6. Does Model Paragraph #2 have unity?

Type yes or no

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Exercise 2

Notes for Paragraph #1

Topic sentence: My first year in college was stressful.

1Got the flu three times.
2Didn't get a flu shot.
3Roomate had constant parties when I was trying to study.
4Tuition was a financial burden and a worry.
5Tuition was paid via personal check.
6Broke up with boyfriend.
7Did poorly in Chemistry 101.
8Parents were upset with my Chemistry grade.
9Chemistry has always been difficult for me.
10Second year in college was easier than first.

1. The notes for Paragraph #1 lack unity since there are four items which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

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Notes for Paragraph #2

Topic sentence: The cost of owning a house keeps increasing.

1Income taxes get higher every year.
2Average utility bill for a 1800 square foot house will be $400 per month by the year 2010.
3There are important ways to conserve water and hold down the utility bills.
4Repairs and roof replacement are becoming more costly every year because of inflation.
5Property taxes for new owners increase every year.
6Young people who want to buy a house often need help from their families for the big down payment.
7With the power shortage, the price of electricity and gas keeps rising.
8It is a big job to buy furniture and carpets when you buy your new home.
9If you haven't bought a house, you do not realize all the expenses involved before you even assume ownership of the house.
10Replacing the roof, which is necessary every ten years, involves tiles, shingles or shakes, materials which cost more every time re-roofing occurs.

2. The notes for Paragraph #2 lack unity since there are five items which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

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Notes for Paragraph #3

Topic sentence: My grandfather's alcoholism has always been destructive to his family.

1Was a good husband and father before he started drinking at age of 35.
2As children, my mom and uncle worried about inviting friends over because grandfather might be drunk.
3Luckily, we didn't live with my grandfather.
4He couldn't hold job because of drinking.
5Alcoholics Anonymous can help alcoholics.
6My grandmother and grandfather divorced due to his drinking.
7Developed liver disease from alcohol abuse, and my mom had to use all her savings to pay his expensive hospital bills.
8I never saw him drunk.
9He lost everything and had to go live with my uncle who had a big family and a very small house.
10As a young man, he had shown great promise as an actor in films.
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3. The notes for Paragraph #3 lack unity since there are five items which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

reason

 

Notes for Paragraph #4

Topic sentence: Al Omirez is a well-qualified candidate for U.S. president.

1Has experience as a US Representative.
2As a professional baseball player, made All-star team three times.
3Plays tennis and golf on the weekends.
4His policies and ideas about taxes and health care benefit the poor and middle class whereas his opponent's policies and ideas benefit only the rich.
5Went to Harvard Law School.
6Wife and son were killed in a plane crash fourteen years ago.
7Is very handsome and photogenic.
8In the House of Representatives, he served as chair of foreign relations committee.
9Has close relationships with people from all socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds.
10Has written perceptive books on American history and government.

4. The notes for Paragraph #4 lack unity since there are four items which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

reason

 

Exercise 3

Model Paragraph #1

vvvvv 1Harriet Beecher Stowe believed that a special place in heaven should be reserved for domestic saints such as Aunt Esther due to their selfless hard work and devotion to others. 2Writing at a time when the family was considered our closest contact with heaven, Stowe described her unmarried aunt as a prime example of someone who deserved special recognition for her accomplishments. 3Saint Esther, as Stowe referred to her aunt, cheerfully gave her life to others. 4As a beautiful young woman courted by many prominent men, she had not been either selfless or hardworking. 5Instead, she had attended many parties and had traveled widely in her twenties. 6As she grew older, however, she cared for children, nursed the sick, and gave her time an energy to others without complaint. 7Like every woman in the nineteenth century, Esther also helped produce nearly everything her large, extended family needed: spinning, weaving, sewing, gardening, butchering, making soap and candles, preserving fruits, vegetables, and meats, churning butter, making cheese, housecleaning, laundering and ironing. 8In addition, she served as a teacher, doctor and midwife.

1. In Model Paragraph #1, find the topic sentence, the sentence which states the main point of the paragraph.

Type the number of the topic sentence

reason

2. Model Paragraph #1, there are two sentences which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

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3.Sentences 4 and 5 from Model Paragraph #1 have been combined and rewritten two ways:

Version 1: Even though she had not been selfless or hardworking when she was a beautiful young woman who enjoyed the attention of many prominent men, traveled to Europe and attended many parties, Aunt Esther soon began to show the devotion to others that made her remarkable.

Version 2: Aunt Esther had been a beautiful young woman courted by many prominent men, had traveled to Europe and had attended many parties, but she had not been either selfless or hardworking.

In the box below, type the number of the version which relates most closely to the topic of the paragraph.

reason

Model Paragraph #2

vvvvv1Last summer, when I began my job as a sales rep for Steele's Concrete Supply, I was required to undergo a very boring, extensive training program, which included vacuuming pick-up trucks, washing cement mixers, assisting the accountant with the General Ledger, answering the phone, and learning about taking inventory. 2Of course, there were no raises during the training program, and I spent hours acquiring skills for jobs I would never have to perform. 3This did convey, however, how a company is run, knowledge which I will use in the future since I plan to open my own business as soon as I earn my MBA. 4First, however, I must finish my undergraduate education and take the graduate school exams. 5After the training program, when I was assigned to the loading dock, I wasn't allowed to work with invoices and shipping orders, which were activities I was very interested in learning more about. 6Instead, I spent my time unloading heavy bags of cement from the beds of delivery trucks. 7Since I worked directly in the sun and seldom wore a shirt due to the summer heat, I attained a beautiful tan, an unexpected benefit of the job. 8I also built up my muscles, and I impressed many women with my improved physique. 9Once I unloaded the trucks, I stacked the merchandise in the dark, spider-infested warehouse, another part of the job I hadn't anticipated. 10Finally, after receiving my sales training from an older, more experienced sales rep, with only a month left before school began, the job improved; I was able to begin seeking orders for driveway and patio paving jobs, which I enjoyed. 11This summer job was quite disappointing.

4. In Model Paragraph #2, find the topic sentence, the sentence which states the main point of the paragraph.

Type the number of the topic sentence

reason

5. Model Paragraph #2, there are five sentences which do not stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence.

In the spaces below, type the numbers of the items which do not stick to the main point.

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6.Sentence 3 from Model Paragraph #2 has been rewritten two ways:

Version 1: Although the orientation did convey some information about how a company is run, knowledge which I will use after I earn my MBA and open my own business, the training was too long and tedious.

Version 2: The training, which was a little long and tedious, was valuable because it taught me how a company is run, knowledge which I will use after I earn my MBA and open my own business.

In the box below, type the number of the version which relates most closely to the topic of the paragraph.

reason

7.Sentence 8 from Model Paragraph #1 has been rewritten two ways:

Version 1: Even though I was a little nervous about the possibility of future skin cancer, I built up my muscles and impressed some women with my improved physique.

Version 2: Despite the fact that I built up my muscles and impressed some women with my improved physique, I was disturbed by the end of the summer because I knew the damage from the sun might cause skin cancer later on.

In the box below, type the number of the version which relates most closely to the topic of the paragraph.

reason

 

 

 

 

To Check for Unity, Ask:

 

1. What is the topic sentence?

 

2. Do all the sentences stick to the main point as stated in the topic sentence?

 

Now that you understand how to judge whether a paragraph reflects unity, click below to continue:

 

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