1. Which of the following is a characteristic of both hemoglobin and hemocyanin?
a. found within blood cells
b. red in color
c. contains the element iron as an oxygen-binding component
d. transports oxygen
e. occurs in mammals

2. In which animal does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
a. annelid
b. mollusc
c. fish
d. frog
e. insect

3. Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
a. amphibians
b. birds
c. fishes
d. mammals
e. reptiles

4. A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five

5. Which sequence of blood flow can be observed in either a reptile or a mammal?
a. left ventricle _ aorta _ lungs _ systemic circulation
b. right ventricle _ pulmonary vein _ pulmocutaneous circulation
c. pulmonary vein _ left atrium _ ventricle _ pulmonary circuit
d. vena cava _ right atrium _ ventricle _ pulmonary circuit
e. right atrium _ pulmonary artery _ left atrium _ ventricle

6. Why is the velocity of blood flow the lowest in capillaries?
a. The capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells.
b. Capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases.
c. The diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate.
d. The systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle.
e. The total surface area of the capillaries is larger than the total surface area of the arterioles.

7. What would be the long-term effect if the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed were to become blocked?
a. More fluid would enter the venous capillaries.
b. Blood pressure in the capillary bed would increase.
c. Fluid would accumulate in interstitial areas.
d. Fewer proteins would leak into the interstitial fluid from the blood.
e. Nothing would happen.

8. Which of the following is not a normal event in the process of blood clotting?
a. production of erythropoietin
b. conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
c. activation of prothrombin to thrombin
d. adhesion of platelets
e. clotting factor release by clumped platelets

9. One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
a. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
b. the cells of roots have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
c. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in roots.
d. Vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.
e. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.

10. Which of the following is false concerning the hemoglobin molecule?
a. It contains amino acids.
b. It contains iron.
c. It is composed of four polypeptide chains.
d. It can bind four O₂ molecules.
e. It is found in humans only.

11. Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types except
a. vessel elements.
b. sieve cells.
c. tracheids.
d. companion cells.
e. cambium cells.

12. Which of the following tissues is incorrectly matched with its characteristics?
a. collenchyma-uniformly thick-walled supportive tissue
b. epidermis-protective outer covering of plant body
c. sclerenchyma-heavily lignified secondary walls
d. meristematic tissue-undifferentiated tissue capable of cell division
e. parenchyma-thin-walled, loosely packed, unspecialized cells

13. If you were able to walk into the opening cut into the center of the Wawona Sequoia at Yosemite National Park, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,
a. the annual rings, phloem, and bark.
b. the newest xylem, oldest phloem, and periderm.
c. the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.
d. the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.
e. the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

Use this figure to answer questions 14 and 15.


14. A woody dicot is represented by
a. I only.
b. II only.
c. III only
d. IV only
e. both I and III

15. A monocot stem is represented by
a. I only.
b. II only.
c. III only
d. IV only
e. both I and III